Canonical Source · peer reviewed study

The origins of two purportedly pre-Columbian Mexican crystal skulls

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Evidence context

How this source is used

Evidence roles describe what this source helps establish inside each Investigation. They are local to that use, not permanent labels attached to the publication itself.

Investigation

Were the British Museum and Smithsonian crystal skulls ancient artifacts?

Challenges

Microscopy and material analysis found rotary-tool working and modern silicon-carbide abrasive on the best-studied museum skulls, evidence inconsistent with the claimed pre-Columbian manufacture.

Challenges

Tool marks, mineral evidence and archival provenance converge on modern manufacture rather than an authenticated pre-Columbian archaeological origin.

Subject families

Skin Empiric
Skin