Sources & studies

Evidence Library

A source should not disappear inside a bibliography. This directory shows the external evidence used across investigations and links each source back to the claims that rely on it.

Launch evidence graph

115 unique sources

Deduplicated by source URL across 20 visible investigations. Filter the library by evidence type, source role, subject family, investigation or year.

Showing all 115 sources.

government document · synthesis / context

About the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · 2026

Current CDC description of VAERS as an early-warning reporting system. Reports can identify safety signals but do not by themselves establish causation; signals may be investigated using systems such as VSD or CISA. This is an institutional description of the system and its limitations, not independent proof that every signal is detected or resolved.

academic resource · synthesis / context

Commentary on the systematic review of radiofrequency field exposure and animal cancer by Mevissen et al. (2025) - Revisiting the evidence and a quantitative perspective

Environment International · 2026 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110154

Methodological critique arguing that the animal review's certainty ratings did not adequately integrate all studies and that quantitative synthesis leaves substantial uncertainty, especially for glioma.

government document · synthesis / context

Contrails

Federal Aviation Administration · 2026

Explains contrail formation, persistence and spreading in cold, humid upper-air conditions and distinguishes contrails from intentional aerial dispersal activities.

systematic review · synthesis / context

Corrigendum to 'Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review'

Environment International · 2026 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110368

Corrected record reporting high certainty, under the review's framework, for increased heart schwannomas and glial-cell tumours in the animal evidence base. Translation to ordinary 5G human exposure remains indirect.

government document · synthesis / context

Information on Contrails from Aircraft

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency · 2026

Explains contrails and distinguishes them from weather modification and geoengineering. EPA states that the federal government is not aware of a contrail intentionally formed over the United States for geoengineering or weather-modification purposes. This statement is institutional evidence, not a standalone proof that no covert activity could exist.

technical report · synthesis / context

Protocol for Developing the Fluoride Human Health Toxicity Assessment

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency · 2026

Current EPA protocol for a new fluoride human-health toxicity assessment. It states that the protocol itself contains no final toxicity conclusions and that a forthcoming draft assessment will evaluate levels below which adverse effects are not anticipated. It also continues to reference the PHS 0.7 mg/L recommendation for communities that fluoridate.

peer reviewed study · primary source

The effect of breathing exercises and mindset with or without cold exposure on mental and physical health in persons with a spinal cord injury—Results of a randomized controlled trial

Clinical Rehabilitation · 2026 · DOI 10.1177/02692155261428705

Recent randomized trial in adults with chronic spinal cord injury evaluating Wim Hof components with and without cold exposure, illustrating the move from mechanistic work toward condition-specific clinical testing rather than proof of broad disease treatment.

government document · synthesis / context

'Detoxes' and 'Cleanses': What You Need To Know

U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health · 2025

Current NIH evidence summary, last updated March 2025. It states that human detox-program studies are few and generally low quality, that a 2015 review found no compelling evidence for toxin elimination or weight management, and that long-term detox-program effects have not been studied.

academic resource · synthesis / context

Caution Needed in Interpreting the Evidence Base on Fluoride and IQ

JAMA Pediatrics · 2025 · DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.5539

Methodological editorial accompanying the 2025 meta-analysis. It emphasizes that most included studies were cross-sectional, many were rated high risk of bias, and low-exposure inference relevant to community fluoridation requires caution. Included as serious adversarial interpretation rather than as a replacement for the meta-analysis.

meta analysis · synthesis / context

Fluoride Exposure and Children's IQ Scores: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

JAMA Pediatrics · 2025 · DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.5542

Meta-analysis of 74 studies finding inverse associations overall and dose-response relationships, including with urinary fluoride below 1.5 mg/L. For drinking-water concentrations below 1.5 mg/L, the authors reported limited data and uncertainty. The paper was accompanied by published editorials reaching different interpretations of its policy relevance.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Protective effect of energized structured water on bioenergetic function and oxidative stress in H9c2 cells

Explore · 2025 · DOI 10.1016/j.explore.2025.103232

In-vitro H9c2 cell study reporting bioenergetic, viability, ROS and gene-expression differences after exposure to a product described as energized structured water. It does not test freeze-thaw persistence or demonstrate human clinical benefit.

systematic review · synthesis / context

Does the Wim Hof Method have a beneficial impact on physiological and psychological outcomes in healthy and non-healthy participants? A systematic review

PLOS ONE · 2024 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0286933

Systematic review of nine papers representing eight trials. It found promising inflammatory signals but judged the studies very low quality, with very high risk of bias, samples of roughly 15-48 participants, heterogeneous outcomes and a heavily male evidence base. The review had no specific funding and declared no competing interests; it also noted possible conflicts where Wim Hof was involved in some primary studies.

systematic review · synthesis / context

Habituation of the cold shock response: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Journal of Thermal Biology · 2024 · DOI 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103775

Systematic review and meta-analysis describing the cold-shock response to cold-water immersion, including hyperventilation, arrhythmia risk and drowning risk. Repeated immersion can produce partial habituation after roughly four exposures, but does not eliminate risk.

systematic review · synthesis / context

NTP Monograph on the State of the Science Concerning Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopment and Cognition: A Systematic Review

U.S. National Toxicology Program · 2024 · DOI 10.22427/NTP-MGRAPH-8

Concluded with moderate confidence that higher fluoride exposure, exemplified by drinking-water concentrations above 1.5 mg/L, is associated with lower IQ in children. NTP states that association does not itself prove causation, that the review was not designed to assess fluoridated drinking water alone, and that data were insufficient to determine an effect at 0.7 mg/L.

systematic review · synthesis / context

The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: Part I

Environment International · 2024 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108983

Systematic review of human observational RF-EMF studies. Most evidence predates widespread 5G, so it informs broader RF carcinogenicity rather than directly testing long-latency 5G risk.

systematic review · synthesis / context

The effectiveness of homeopathy in relieving symptoms and reducing antibiotic use in patients with otitis media: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Heliyon · 2024 · DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39174

Condition-specific review of nine studies, including seven RCTs. Some individual outcomes favored homeopathy, but heterogeneity limited pooling and the authors concluded that the evidence was insufficient to determine effectiveness for clinical improvement or reduced antibiotic use in otitis media.

meta analysis · synthesis / context

Association between low fluoride exposure and children's intelligence: a meta-analysis relevant to community water fluoridation

Public Health · 2023 · DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.03.011

Meta-analysis focused on lower exposures relevant to community water fluoridation. It found no statistically significant difference in child IQ between recommended and lower fluoride levels in the included non-endemic-fluorosis studies.

systematic review · synthesis / context

Efficacy of homoeopathic treatment: Systematic review of meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled homoeopathy trials for any indication

Systematic Reviews · 2023 · DOI 10.1186/s13643-023-02313-2

Systematic review of six meta-analyses that interpreted pooled evidence as showing effects beyond placebo. The paper discloses dedicated foundation funding; one author reported research grants from Wala and Weleda and another a development grant from Heel. The authors state the funders did not influence the review. These disclosures are relevant context but do not replace methodological appraisal.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Fifteen Years of Millimeter Accuracy Lunar Laser Ranging With APOLLO: Data Set Characterization

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · 2023 · DOI 10.1088/1538-3873/aceb2f

Long-running Earth-Moon ranging data using multiple lunar retroreflector arrays, including Apollo reflectors. Reflectors support the physical-site record but do not by themselves prove human deployment.

academic resource · synthesis / context

Illnesses in technologically advanced societies due to lack of grounding (earthing)

Biomedical Journal · 2023 · DOI 10.1016/j.bj.2022.10.004

Broad pro-grounding review claiming benefits across chronic disease and aging. The author disclosed approximately 20 years as a paid consultant to EarthFx Incorporated and stated there were no grants or other funding sources.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Grounding the Body Improves Sleep Quality in Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study

Healthcare · 2022 · DOI 10.3390/healthcare10030581

Placebo-controlled pilot study: 22 participants enrolled and 15 completed 12 weeks. It reported improved sleep-quality scores but no significant improvement in anxiety or depression. The authors reported no external funding or conflicts. A 2022 correction changed only an Institutional Review Board number and stated that scientific conclusions were unaffected.

academic resource · synthesis / context

5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · 2021

Review of experimental studies above 6 GHz and radar epidemiology; found little evidence of health effects but highlighted methodological weaknesses and limited directly applicable 5G data. A later published comment challenged aspects of the review.

peer reviewed study · primary source

An Analysis of the Mineral Composition of Pink Salt Available in Australia

Foods · 2020

Laboratory analysis of 31 pink salts sold in Australia. It found substantial variation in trace elements and estimated that more than 30 g/day would be required for meaningful nutrient contribution. The sample is not a universal survey of every Himalayan salt product.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Effectiveness of Grounded Sleeping on Recovery After Intensive Eccentric Muscle Loading

Frontiers in Physiology · 2019 · DOI 10.3389/fphys.2019.00035

Triple-blinded pilot study of 22 healthy participants comparing grounded and sham-grounded sleep after eccentric exercise and reporting differences in some recovery and inflammatory measures. The authors declared no commercial or financial conflicts.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Annals of Internal Medicine · 2019 · DOI 10.7326/M18-2101

Nationwide Danish cohort of 657,461 children finding no increased autism risk after MMR vaccination, including no evidence of triggering in susceptible subgroups or clustering after vaccination. Financial support came from the Novo Nordisk Foundation and Danish Ministry of Health; the authors reported no disclosures. The study notes that individual medical charts were not reviewed.

peer reviewed study · primary source

The Effects of Grounding (Earthing) on Bodyworkers' Pain and Overall Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Explore · 2019 · DOI 10.1016/j.explore.2018.10.001

Double-blind stepped-wedge trial in 16 massage therapists reporting improvements in several self-reported outcomes. The project was funded by Earth FX, grounding products were donated by earthing.com, and one author was an Earth FX consultant; other authors had Chopra Center/Foundation roles. The authors stated the funders had no role in study design, analysis or writing.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Corrigendum: Quantifying expert consensus against the existence of a secret, large-scale atmospheric spraying program

Environmental Research Letters · 2016 · DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/129501

Official correction to the 2016 expert survey. Corrected a figure's respondent counts/label, one atmospheric-deposition result, the introductory survey sample size and a citation. The paper's overall 76-of-77 expert result was unchanged.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Quantifying expert consensus against the existence of a secret, large-scale atmospheric spraying program

Environmental Research Letters · 2016 · DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084011

Surveyed relevant atmospheric scientists and geochemists; 76 of 77 reported no evidence of a secret large-scale atmospheric spraying program. A 2016 corrigendum corrected figure labels, one sample-response description, a survey-sample number and a reference; it did not change the headline 76-of-77 result.

systematic review · synthesis / context

Systematic review of the association between dietary acid load, alkaline water and cancer

BMJ Open · 2016 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010438

Systematic review found no randomized trials of alkaline diet/water for cancer treatment and no evidence justifying promotion for cancer prevention or treatment; also summarizes studies showing large urine-pH changes but minimal blood-pH changes.

academic resource · synthesis / context

Detox diets for toxin elimination and weight management: a critical review of the evidence

Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · 2015 · DOI 10.1111/jhn.12286

Critical review, not a formal systematic review. It found very little clinical evidence for commercial detox diets; the handful of positive human studies had small samples and methodological problems, while much of the food-specific evidence was preclinical.

academic resource · synthesis / context

Modulation of Metabolic Detoxification Pathways Using Foods and Food-Derived Components: A Scientific Review with Clinical Application

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · 2015 · DOI 10.1155/2015/760689

Reviews genuine enzymatic biotransformation and elimination pathways and how dietary components may affect them, useful for distinguishing real metabolism from nonspecific commercial detox claims.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Analysis of the charge exchange between the human body and ground: evaluation of 'earthing' from an electrical perspective

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · 2014 · DOI 10.1016/j.jcm.2014.10.001

Independent electrical investigation finding that charge does flow between a grounded person and Earth, but measured currents after connection were small, below roughly 10 nA, correlated with body motion and did not show additional physiological information such as heartbeat or respiration. No funding or conflicts were reported.

meta analysis · synthesis / context

Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies

Vaccine · 2014 · DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085

Meta-analysis including five cohort studies with 1,256,407 children and five case-control studies, finding no association between autism and vaccination, MMR, thimerosal or vaccine-related mercury exposure. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2014 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1322174111

Randomized experiment in healthy volunteers showing that 10 days of training involving breathing, meditation and cold exposure altered epinephrine, cytokine responses and symptoms during experimental endotoxemia. It tested an acute laboratory immune challenge, not treatment of a chronic disease.

consensus statement · synthesis / context

The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies

National Academies Press · 2013

Consensus review of the U.S. childhood immunization schedule as it existed in 2013. The committee found no evidence suggesting that the then-current schedule was unsafe, while emphasizing evidence gaps and recommending continued observational research using large linked health-data systems. It should not be treated as automatic validation of every later schedule revision.

academic resource · synthesis / context

Earthing: health implications of reconnecting the human body to the Earth's surface electrons

Journal of Environmental and Public Health · 2012 · DOI 10.1155/2012/291541

Influential pro-earthing review. Its disclosure states that Gaétan Chevalier, Stephen Sinatra and James Oschman were independent contractors for Earth FX Inc., which sponsored earthing research, and owned small percentages of company shares. Included as a major statement of the therapeutic hypothesis, with those ties made explicit.

academic resource · synthesis / context

Diet-induced metabolic acidosis

Clinical Nutrition · 2011

Adversarial perspective arguing that modern dietary acid load can produce clinically relevant low-grade acid-base effects, especially with aging or impaired kidney function. Included to distinguish legitimate renal acid-load research from the stronger claim that ordinary food meaningfully alkalizes healthy blood.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Reducing the in-vitro electromagnetic field effect of cellular phones on human DNA and the intensity of their emitted radiation

Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research · 2007 · DOI 10.3727/036012907815844138

Adversarial evidence: a single-author laboratory paper reported that a specific commercially available paramagnetic shielding disc reduced measured phone radiation intensity and attenuated an in-vitro DNA-conformation endpoint. This does not validate other stickers, establish a clinical health benefit, or substitute for independent replication.

academic resource · synthesis / context

The 'Memory of Water': an almost deciphered enigma. Dissipative structures in extremely dilute aqueous solutions

Homeopathy · 2007 · DOI 10.1016/j.homp.2007.05.007

Reports physicochemical differences in serially diluted aqueous preparations and argues for persistent history-dependent properties; relevant as evidence claimed in support of water-memory concepts.

academic resource · synthesis / context

The defining role of structure (including epitaxy) in the plausibility of homeopathy

Homeopathy · 2007 · DOI 10.1016/j.homp.2007.03.009

A pro-homeopathy structural hypothesis proposing that condensed-phase water structure, interfaces, nanobubbles or related effects could retain information after serial dilution; included as serious mechanism-oriented counterevidence.

meta analysis · synthesis / context

Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy

The Lancet · 2005 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2

Comparative meta-analysis finding that smaller and lower-quality homeopathy trials showed larger benefits; large higher-quality homeopathy trials did not show a statistically persuasive specific effect.

consensus statement · synthesis / context

Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism

National Academies Press · 2004

Institute of Medicine review concluding that the epidemiological evidence favored rejection of a causal relationship between MMR and autism and between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism.

peer reviewed study · primary source

Testing the effectiveness of small radiation shields for mobile phones

Bioelectromagnetics · 2003 · DOI 10.1002/bem.10076

Direct SAR testing of nine small commercial/conceptual phone shields at 914 and 1880 MHz found no statistically significant change in peak 1-g SAR. Authors were affiliated with Motorola, so the result should be read alongside independent evidence rather than treated as dispositive by itself.

government document · primary source

FTC Charges Sellers of Cell Phone Radiation Protection Patches with Making False Claims

U.S. Federal Trade Commission · 2002

Documents enforcement actions over unsubstantiated claims that radiation-protection patches blocked 97-99% of phone emissions. The complaints were allegations, not themselves final findings; later FTC settlements imposed substantiation requirements on similar sellers.

academic resource · primary source

Eagle Lander

Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester · 1969

Archived independent radio tracking record of Apollo 11's Eagle lander, including the Doppler trace through descent and landing.