A modified self-controlled case series on mortality risk following primary series doses of COVID-19 vaccines in U.S. Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older
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A 2026 modified self-controlled case-series study of U.S. Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older, including 188,948 post-vaccination deaths, found no increased mortality risk during the first 28 days after primary-series doses.
Directly addresses the older-age gap left by the French 18–59-year cohort; the below-1 relative incidences should not be interpreted as proof of broad non-COVID mortality protection because vaccination timing and healthy-vaccinee effects can bias estimates downward.