Investigation
Were the Nazca geoglyphs designed primarily to be viewed from the air?
Challenges
A 2024 PNAS survey links figurative and linear geoglyph classes to paths, local accessibility and different forms of ritual/social use rather than an aerial-viewing requirement.
Qualifies
Large-scale geoglyphs are easier to apprehend as complete forms from elevated or aerial viewpoints, but that observational fact does not establish original design intent.
The distinction between how modern viewers see the figures and why ancient makers created them is central.
Qualifies
The 2024 original confirms 303 new relief figures; corpus 683 relief vs 50 line. 43m relief-to-trail and 34m line-to-formal-network use distinct classes/comparators, not one pooled all-geoglyph ground-viewing test.