Investigation
Does Ezekiel's vision describe a technological spacecraft?
Challenges
A 2026 close textual study interprets Ezekiel's storm, living creatures, wheels, vault and throne through ancient Near Eastern theophanic, temple and cosmic imagery rather than as technical description.
Qualifies
Arthur 2026 original argues a theological cultic imagery reading as a preliminary interpretation, while earlier throne-chariot scholarship represents a separate scholarly interpretation; neither is a direct physical spacecraft test.
Contextualizes
The recent scholarly discussion explicitly notes modern spaceship interpretations as one among later speculative readings while grounding the passage in its ancient symbolic system.